It wouldn't be the entire shifter, just the shift knob which would slide over the existing shaft. Most of the force would be exerted on the shaft and not so much on the 3D printed part since it's just a cover. It would be as tall as the stock knob.
PLA wouldn't handle the heat of the car very well. It would have to be at least PETG or ABS.
You could probably do something like that photo, the push down to reverse mechanism is below the pivot ball (at least on my shifter) and shouldn't be an issue.
Looks like PLA print can handle up to 210C, highly doubt my shifter would exceed that.
Regarding the Shift thingy, dont you mean this by shift knob
I currently have a Mugen shifter that already sanded down and ready to prime and paint (Cant really stick a Mugen logo in a Golf), its got a threaded base thingy so I wish for an adapter that would have a threaded end, and an end that would slide around the lever, compatible with my weird 23mm lever.